Saturday, September 25, 2010

Photoshop curves command the whole Raiders


Increased number of images has never not been so rapid. If you are from the hands of an experienced photographer or a famous picture companies get the picture, then most of the time can be at ease. But there are a lot of pictures when I first got poor contrast, color cast of powerful, such as poor image from the CD-ROM, or slightly lower quality digital cameras and scanners, or the Internet, many free pictures, then Prior to use, modify images on the great need for it, and sometimes a "good" image is also need for further processing.

Controversial, there is a comment: Whatever, as long as he engaged in image editing, then he must be getting on familiar curves, apply it as natural as breathing. This argument is brave enough to measure! It has aroused your attention? If I was forced to give up all the image adjustment tools, leaving only a kind, then I will select the curve! Experts believe that the curve is that you used to improve the image quality of a variety of methods of choice!

Now, let us immediately to remove some misconceptions:

Curve is not a filter, which is loyal to the original image based on the image to make some adjustments, rather than filter effects can be created out of nothing;

Curve is not as elusive as long as the master some basic knowledge, you can master the other tools as soon as the master filter;

Control curve can give you more dramatic works, more exciting to come from under you;

Curve does not directly add points to your image, can not help you attract the attention of the opposite sex - but except for the boss!

Photoshop gives you the real fun is one of the software available to you are many options to solve problems. To adjust the image, in the image> adjust the menu, you can choose to have a lot of tools, my favorite reason is that only the curve of a tool you can:

Adjust contrast of all or a single channel;

Adjust the brightness of any local;

Adjust the color.

Curve can accurately adjust the image, given that the original picture should be scrapped and new vitality!

Although this article preference for Photoshop, (in particular, is one of the illustrations), but the regulatory function curves and images of each person dealing with very important, so even if you do not use Photoshop, you can also find much useful help . This has not made use of curve effects, though it certainly falls within the scope of effects. This will help those who edit images every day, to make them look more outstanding non-expert practitioners. Believe me, after reading this, the curve will be your right-hand man, like the hammer of the carpenter, like!

Now, let us open a curve a little bit of the mysterious veil of it!

Chapter I: first met Curve



Figure 01

Open the image> adjust> curves command, shortcut keys Ctrl + M, curve dialog box appears. (Figure 01) If necessary, we re-explain every single detail, is to prepare some basic knowledge first. If your screen looks and figure are not the same, hold down the Alt click within the grid, you can switch between the size of the grid, the grid size without affecting the function of the curve, but the smaller the grid can help you more Good observation. Also note that the middle section in the gray two small triangles, RGB image default is left-right-white-black, from the image of the shadow zone areas to bright areas, while the default CMYK image opposite. (Figure 02) in order to avoid confusion, I suggest you set it before the adjustment to their familiar pattern. Standard curve will give you more intuitive understanding.



Figure 02

First of all, one of the most obvious fact is that - do not curve! Why? You know, the curve reflects the image brightness values. Has set a pixel brightness value, you can change it so that it brightened or dimmed. Look at two maps (Figure 03,04), the following article represents the gray level of original color, vertical gray section represents the adjusted image tone. Without any changes, input and output color values are equal, so the curve is a straight line 45 degrees, this is the curve does not change. When you make changes to any point on the curve, but also changed the image pixel corresponding to the same brightness. Click to establish a regulatory point, this point can be dragged to move to any area within the grid is light is dark all see you up and down. The sudden change in brightness value will cause a very eye-catching effects; slow and gradual change, whether to increase or decrease the brightness value, will cause the color transition is smooth, realistic effect. The following example demonstrates a number of particular value when the curve is changed, since the image of what kind of role, and you can clearly see the shape of the curve changes. (To display, in this case, the curves are exaggerated, sometimes you need a strong change of the curve, but most of the time, the image curve of the changes should be much less.)



Figure 03



Figure 04




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Chapter II: curves in the gray image of

After a brief, and finally to the actual operation phase. This section, we first of all to deal with a grayscale image, lay a good foundation, color photographs will be discussed in the next chapter. Now let's look at this poor picture (Figure 05): This is a dark digital camera to capture images of the evening, its lack of contrast, color pixels are too concentrated in the middle range. At work, you may run into such things. We can use curves to improve it? The answer is yes.



Figure 05

Figure 061-062: original image and the curve, adjust points, unchanged;



Figure 061



Figure 062

Figure 071-072: adjustment points to improve the brightness, brighten the overall picture;



Figure 071



Figure 072

Figure 081-082: lower the brightness adjustment points, the overall picture darker.



Figure 081



Figure 082

You may have found, either increase or decrease the curve of brightness alone can not completely solve the problem, they are a part of improving the image and also damaged the image of the other part. If we can learn from each other, then the problem is solved. Another feature of the curve can add multiple adjustment points. Add the image anywhere in the regulation point, a separate regulation, so that you can color values for different regions to adjust brightness. On this picture, the two adjustment points can work very well: to improve the brightness area bright part, to lower the brightness value of the Department of area. (Figure 091-092)



Figure 091



Figure 092

Tip: hold down Shift to select multiple adjustment points, such as to delete a certain point, the point can be dragged out of the curvilinear coordinates outside the region, or you can hold down the Ctrl click on the point.

In fact, as this is not on the Department of the Ministry and dark images, I will just start narrowing the scope to increase the contrast curve. We have said before, any point within the grid can be moved, of course, include the two end curves. If we ensure that the "curve" is a straight, will curve to the right endpoint shadow, bright Department of endpoints to the left, the curve becomes steeper, increasing mid-tone contrast. (Figure 10) the lack of this method compared to most of the middle tone image is useful! And it is similar, both ends of the slider is adjusted Levels among them to concentrate. Indeed, in this example, using Levels tool may be more clear. (Using curve tool does not mean not to use color scale, changes in other items, where, in order to achieve the objective of "unscrupulous" is not a bad thing) There's a little trick that can make you quick to make inverse effect: the black endpoint is shifted from the left of the top most, the white endpoint from the right, under the most on the move the most, so you do not have to use the inverse command can achieve the same effect. Now you might think: not every image has such a bright and dark Department of the Ministry. Yes! But most of all this. If you take advantage of, then all your pictures will grow more popular!



Figure 10

Theory we have, here are three top-secret weapons, those knowledgeable enough to make to your colleagues respect and admiration. Three trick in color images, grayscale images and is also useful, but we for convenience or grayscale images do take an example. Do not miss yo!

One trick: Use a straw to set the range of tools



Figure 11

Figure 11 have not noticed the part? Preview window lets you see the changes made, must be open. "Auto" option should be used with caution, once click on this button will make the brightest image pixels into white, for the poorest dark pixels black. (Figure 12), of course, this will save time for people who need the convenience, but give up the manual adjustment of automatic mode is rarely the best results. When the color image of the intermediate value is assumed to be the brightest and darkest values value, this method has a greater risk! In many cases, you will want to specify the image in the brightest and darkest part of the special effects in the treatment picture is particularly prominent. You can use the pipette tool to achieve. Select the left of the black straw, in the image window click you want to place it into black and white equally. As our case diagram is a grayscale image, so there's no gray straw used. Fast and accurate! If you are ready to print the image, the color values need to be more determined, double-click the straw, the color pop-up dialog box, you can set the exact values here.



Figure 12




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Trick 2: View the brightness value in the curve

This is a cool tip: If you want to know a little office to determine the value of the image, you can move the mouse to the image window, the pointer into a straw look at where you want to see hits, the curve will appear and this point corresponding to the point. When you need to change the brightness value of a particular place and do not know the location of the curve, this method is very useful. Fear can not remember the exact location of it? Not worry, Photoshop long as you think of this. When clicking on the image, hold down the Ctrl key, so that this point will be fixed. (Figure 13)



Figure 13

Trick 3: To strengthen specific areas of contrast

This method is based on the earlier methods, we will optimize the image processing, which is prominent theme of the picture. Many images have a fixed theme, such as the environment, the characters, most of the time, we want to do on this subject than the background screen. As the saying goes: there is steel to make the knife's edge in the energy limited circumstances, we should focus on as much as possible the most important part, prominent center. Just now, we have seen, the steep curve will increase the contrast of the image, and now hold down the Ctrl, click around the screen key to find the corresponding point on the curve. Will take you to multiple points, leaving the top and bottom, to remove the other. Now you know those parts of the curve on the efforts of the. Increase the slope of the curve will get more details. That is not too bright, nor too dark, multi-try, seek, and the picture is balanced. Sometimes the scope will take a little more, that's not a bad thing, just the background. (Figure 14)



Figure 14

The following example is mentioned, the curve in Figure. (Figure 151-153)



Figure 151



Figure 152



Figure 153

With the accumulation of experience, you can gradually see the colors of the pixels in each location of the curve to see the more, the more you can determine what the highlight so, what the dark, you'll know what's what . Before the adjustment curve, this rough analysis is necessary. Once placed, they can still move the adjustment point.浣犱細鍙戠幇锛屽綋浣犳斁缃苟寮?璋冭妭杩欎簺鐐圭殑鏃跺?锛岄瑙堢獥鍙g畝鐩村氨鍍忎綘鐨勭敾甯冧竴鏍风洿瑙傦紝褰撹皟鑺傜偣鐨勪綅缃拰鏇茬嚎鐨勫?鏂滃湪浣犳墜涓嬫敼鍙樻椂锛屽浘鍍忎篃闅忕潃浣犵殑鎰忔?鏀瑰彉銆備綘鍙互涓嶅繀灞?檺浜庝竴涓や釜鐐广? 锛堣櫧鐒禤hotoshop鍏佽浣犳斁缃杈?6涓皟鑺傜偣锛屼絾涓?埇鎯呭喌涓嬶紝涓や釜鐐瑰氨宸茬粡瓒冲浜嗭級璋冭妭鐨勮繃绋嬪皢鍙樺緱蹇?鑰屾湁鏁堬紒褰撶劧锛岃繖涓?垏鐨勫墠鎻愭槸浣犲繀椤诲鍔犵粌涔犮?



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Figure 18

銆??璁╂垜鍐嶆潵缁欎綘浠嬬粛涓?寰堟湁鐢ㄧ殑宸ュ叿锛氫俊鎭潰鏉裤?濡傛灉娌℃湁锛岄偅灏变粠绐楀彛鎵撳紑锛屽苟涓旀案杩滆瀹冨湪浣犵殑妗岄潰涓婂崰涓?腑涔嬪湴銆傦紙鍥?8锛変笉绠′綘褰撳墠閫夋嫨鐨勬槸浠?箞宸ュ叿锛堟枃瀛楀伐鍏蜂緥澶栵級锛屽皢榧犳爣鎸囬拡鏀惧湪鐢婚潰涓婏紝淇℃伅闈㈡澘灏变細鍑虹幇鎸囬拡涓嬮偅涓?偣鍍忕礌鐨勯鑹蹭俊鎭?鎳傚緱鐢ㄦ暟瀛楁潵璋冩暣棰滆壊鎵嶈兘绉板緱涓婄湡姝g殑绮鹃?棰滆壊淇銆傚叧浜庢暟瀛楀?杩欑瘒鏂囩珷閲屾垜浠笉鎵撶畻杩囧鐨勮杩帮紝浣嗚繖绉嶆柟寮忓拰鍒殑鏂瑰紡鏈夊緢澶т笉鍚岋紝鍦ㄤ綘璋冩暣棰滆壊鏃跺彧瑕佽浣忎竴鐐逛簨瀹烇細涓?釜涓?鑹茬殑鍍忕礌锛屽畠鐨凴GB鍊煎簲璇ユ槸鐩哥瓑鐨勩?涓嶇浠栦滑鏄粈涔堬紝浣嗗畠浠兘鐩哥瓑銆備粠娴呯伆鑹插埌娣辩伆鑹查鑹插?浼氭湁寰堝ぇ宸埆锛屼絾濡傛灉瀹冪殑R锛滸锛滲锛岄偅涔堝畠灏辨槸涓?鐨勩?鎴戜滑鐨勭溂鐫涘拰澶ц剳鍏锋湁楂樺害鐨勯?搴旀?锛屼粬浠叡鍚屽伐浣滐紝鍙互璧嬩簣鐗╀綋澶ц剳鎵?涓虹殑榛戣壊锛岀櫧鑹叉垨鏄腑鎬ц壊銆傚僵鑹插鏄撲粠鏄剧ず鍣ㄤ笂浼拌锛屼絾榛戣壊锛岀櫧鑹诧紝鐗瑰埆鏄腑鎬ц壊搴斾粠淇℃伅闈㈡澘涓‘瀹氥?

銆??鍗佸垎鎶辨瓑锛佹垜鏃犳硶鍛婅瘔浣犵毊鑲ゅ簲璇ユ槸浠?箞棰滆壊锛屼篃鏃犳硶鍛婅瘔浣犱粈涔堟牱鐨勫?閫傜敤浜庣ⅶ缁跨殑鑽夊湴鎴栨捣鍐涜摑锛屼絾涓?鑹插彲浠ヤ綔涓轰綘鐨勫弬鑰冪偣銆傚綋鐒讹紝涓嶆槸姣忓紶鍥句腑閮芥湁涓?鑹诧紝浣嗘槸濡傛灉浣犵湅涓?湅锛屼綘灏变細鎯婅鐨勫彂鐜帮紝鏈夐偅涔堝鐨勫浘浣跨敤浜嗕腑鎬у弬鑰冪偣锛氱櫧鑹茬殑琛。锛岃揣杞︾殑杞儙锛屾涓婄殑涓?紶绾革紝鍧楃煶璺潰涓婄殑娌ラ潚锛岀櫧鑹茬殑鍥存爮锛岃姳宀楀博寤虹瓚鈥︹?浣犲凡缁忔槑鐧芥垜鐨勬剰鎬濅簡锛屽鏋滀綘闇?涓?涓?鑹诧紝閭d箞鍦ㄤ竴绉嶇墿浣撲笂鎵惧埌鐨勬満浼氫細鏄?00锛呫?閭f?鏍锋墠鑳介?鍑洪偅浜涢鑹蹭负淇℃伅闈㈡澘涓墍绀虹殑鍍忕礌鍛紵瀹冨綋鐒朵笉鏄腑鎬ц壊锛岃摑鑹插?杩滆繙灏忎簬绾㈣壊鍜岀豢鑹插?銆傝摑鑹茬殑鍙嶈壊鏄粈涔堬紵鏄紓浜殑榛勮壊銆傛妸瀹冨亣瀹氫负涓?鑹诧紝鎴戜滑鎶婅摑鑹插姞鍏ュ叾浠栭鑹蹭腑銆?br />


Figure 19

銆??绗竴鐪肩湅鍒颁笅闈㈢殑鍥撅紝锛堝浘19锛変綘鍙兘灏卞凡鐣欎笅娓呮鐨勫嵃璞★細杩欏箙鍥句竴瀹氭湁浠?箞涓嶅鐨勫湴鏂癸紒杩欐槸涓?箙鐢ㄦ暟瀛楃浉鏈烘媿涓嬫潵鐨勫伐浣滃鍥剧墖锛屾垜浠線寰?細鎯冲埌鏄繖浠跺伐浣滃鐨勭伅鍏夌己涔忕孩鑹诧紝鎵嶄細瀵艰嚧鍋忕豢鑹茬殑鍥惧儚銆備絾鏄湪杩欑鎯呭喌涓嬪厜鍜岀収鐩告満鐨勭粍鍚堬紝涓庡叾璇存槸鍋忕豢鑹诧紝涓嶅璇存槸鍋忛粍鑹层?鎴戜滑鏄?涔堢煡閬撶殑鍛紵濂藉惂锛岃鎴戜滑鏉ラ?杩囦竴涓浘鍍忔綔鍦ㄧ殑涓?鍙傝?鐐规潵璇存槑闂銆傚皢浣犵殑榧犳爣鎸囬拡鏀惧湪浠绘剰涓?偣浣犺寰楀彲鑳芥槸涓?鑹茬殑鍥惧儚鍍忕礌涓婏紝淇℃伅闈㈡澘鍐嶆鍛婅瘔浣犺摑鑹蹭弗閲嶇殑缂轰箯銆傝繖涓嬫槑鐧戒簡鍚э紒



Figure 20

銆??杩欐槸鎴戦?鎷╃殑鍙傝?鐐癸紙鍥?0锛夊拰淇℃伅闈㈡澘鏄剧ず锛堝浘21锛夛紝浠ュ強淇鍚庣殑鍥惧儚锛堝浘22锛夈?



Figure 21



Figure 22

銆??鎴戣姳浜嗗緢澶氱殑绡囧箙鐢ㄦ潵鎻忚堪濡備綍鐢ㄤ腑鎬ц壊鏉ユ秷闄ゅ亸鑹诧紝浣嗕笉鏄墍鏈夌殑鍥惧儚閮介渶瑕佽繖鏍凤紒褰撲竴寮犲浘鐨勮壊璋冮渶瑕佸彉寰楁洿鏆栨垨鏄洿鍐凤紝浠ヤ究鍜屽叾浠栫殑鍥剧墖鏇村ソ鐨勯厤鍚堟椂锛屼綘鎵嶉渶瑕佽繖鏍峰仛锛屾瘮濡傞渶瑕佸鍔犻粍瑜愯壊鏉ュじ寮犵収鍦ㄨ崏鍧笂鐨勮惤鏃ヤ綑杈夋垨鏄寒鍏夈?缁欒劯閮ㄧ殑鐨偆澧炴坊灏戣鐨勭孩鑹诧紝鎴栨槸浠庨粍鏄忕殑鍥剧墖涓墧闄や竴浜涢粍鑹诧紝杩欏浣犳潵璇村凡涓嶅湪璇濅笅銆傜被浼肩殑澧炲姞鎴栧噺灏忓姣斿害锛屼綘閮藉彲浠ラ?杩囨洸绾挎潵瀹屾垚銆?br />
銆??鍦ㄤ俊鎭潰鏉夸腑鏌ユ壘闂鐨勬牴婧愶紝鍦ㄦ洸绾垮璇濇涓?鎷╂湁闂鐨勯?閬擄紝杩欐牱灏卞彲浠ュ緢蹇殑娑堥櫎闂銆傚綋浣犳妸榧犳爣浠庡浘鍍忕獥鍙gЩ鍒版洸绾垮璇濇閲岀殑鏃跺?锛屼俊鎭潰鏉块噷鐨勬彁绀轰俊鎭氨浼氭秷澶便?濡傛灉浣犳敼鍙樹簡鏇茬嚎涓婄殑涓?釜鎴栧涓偣锛岄偅涔堝綋榧犳爣鍐嶅洖鍒板浘鍍忕獥鍙o紝淇℃伅鏍忎腑灏变細鏄剧ず鍑哄彉鍖栧墠鍜屽彉鍖栧悗鐨勫樊鍒紙鍥?3锛夈?杩樻湁锛屽墠闈㈡垜浠凡缁忚杩囷紝鎸変綇Ctrl鍦ㄥ浘鍍忓唴鍗曞嚮锛屽彲浠ュ湪鏇茬嚎涓婄‘瀹氱偣锛岃?鍦ㄥ僵鑹插浘鍍忎腑锛岃繖涓姛鑳芥洿鍔犳湁鐢細濡傛灉鐜板湪鏄湪鍗曡壊閫氶亾涓紝鍗曞嚮鏀剧疆鐐瑰氨鍙互浜嗭紱浣嗗鏋滄槸澶氫釜閫氶亾闇?鏀剧疆澶氫釜鐐瑰憿锛熼噸澶嶇殑鍦ㄥ浘鍍忕獥鍙g偣鍑婚渶瑕侀?鎷╃殑鐐瑰彲涓嶆槸涓?欢鎰夊揩鐨勪簨锛岃?涓斿緢闅剧‘淇濇瘡娆¢?鎷╃殑閮芥槸鍚屼竴涓偣銆傝繖鏃跺?锛岄殣钘忓湪鍚哥宸ュ叿涓嬬殑棰滆壊鍙栨牱鍣ㄥ伐鍏峰氨鑳藉府浣犵殑澶у繖浜嗐?鍦ㄥ浘鍍忎笂鐐瑰嚮鏀剧疆鍙傝?鐐癸紝甯︽湁鏍囧彿鐨勫弬鑰冪偣鐨勯鑹蹭俊鎭氨浼氬嚭鐜板湪淇℃伅闈㈡澘涓?鐜板湪鍙傝?鏁板?璋冩暣鏇茬嚎灏卞彲浠ヤ簡銆?br />


Figure 23

銆??淇濇寔鍙栨牱鐘舵?锛岃繕璁板緱鎴戜滑鍓嶉潰鎻愬埌杩囩殑涓変釜鍚哥宸ュ叿鍚楋紵瀹冧滑鍙互浣夸綘涓烘爣璁颁笅鐨勫浘鍍忚缃壒瀹氱殑棰滆壊锛屽浜庢湁鐗规畩瑕佹眰鐨勫浘鍍忔潵璇达紝杩欐槸闈炲父鏈夌敤鐨勩?姣斿璇达紝濡傛灉闇?鍥惧儚鐨勪寒搴﹀湪250锛?50锛?50鍜?锛?锛?鐨勮寖鍥村唴锛屽垎鍒缃櫧鑹插拰榛戣壊鍚哥灏辫浜嗭紝缁撳悎鎴戜滑鍓嶉潰鎵?彊杩扮殑涓?鑹诧紝浣犲ぇ姒備篃宸茬粡鐭ラ亾鐏板害鍚哥鐨勪綔鐢ㄤ簡銆傚湪澶у鏁版椂鍊欙紝鎴戝畞鎰夸娇鐢ㄦ洸绾匡紝浣嗘槸鍚哥涔熸槸寰堣‖鎵嬬殑宸ュ叿銆傛湁鏃舵垜涔熶細鐢ㄨ嚜鍔ㄦ洸绾匡紝瀹冧細浣挎瘡涓?閬撳唴鏈?殫鐨勫儚绱犲彉鎴愰粦鑹诧紝鏈?寒鐨勫儚绱犲彉鎴愮櫧鑹诧紝鍦ㄦ煇浜涙椂鍊欒繖鏄笉閿欑殑锛屼絾閫氬父瀹冧細閫犳垚寮虹儓鐨勮壊褰╁拰瀵规瘮搴︺?棰勮绐楀彛浼氬皢鍙樺寲鍙嶆槧缁欎綘锛屽鏋滀笉婊℃剰锛屾寜浣廇lt锛屸?鍙栨秷鈥濆皢浼氬彉鎴愨?閲嶇疆鈥濓紝鐜板湪杩樻湁浠?箞濂芥媴蹇冪殑鍛紵

銆??瀵规暣涓浘鍍忔垜浠凡缁忕湅浜嗚繖涔堝锛屼絾浣犳湁鏃跺?杩樺緱鐪嬬湅褰撴洸绾胯繍鐢ㄥ湪灞?儴閫夊尯銆傛湁鏃跺?鍓嶆櫙鑹插拰鑳屾櫙鑹蹭笉鍗忚皟锛屾湁鏃跺?鑳屾櫙鑹插お鏆楄?鐗╀綋姝eソ鈥︹?寰堝鎯呭喌閮藉繀椤昏?铏戝湪鍐呫?鍦ㄥ鍥惧儚鍋氬畬鍒囧彲鍋氱殑璋冩暣涔嬪悗锛屾垜浠繕鍙互鐢ㄩ?鎷╁伐鍏烽?鎷╅?鍖猴紝鐢ㄦ洸绾垮仛灞?儴璋冭妭銆傛洸绾垮湪閫夊尯鍐呭拰鍦ㄩ?閬撳唴涓?牱宸ヤ綔銆?br />



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銆??琛ュ厖璇存槑锛?br />
銆??涓嬮潰杩?涓皬鎻愮ず锛屼細浣夸綘鐨勫伐浣滄洿鍔犵畝鍗曘?

銆??1.娑堣お鏇茬嚎

銆??蹇嵎閿細Shift+Ctrl+F銆傛湁浜涙椂鍊欎綘鍋氬緱寰堝ソ锛屽氨鏄湅鏉ユ湁浜涒?杩団?锛岃?浣犲張涓嶆効鐢ㄨ繕鍘熷懡浠ゆ潵鍩嬫病鍔熺哗锛岃繖鏃朵綘灏卞彲浠ヤ娇鐢ㄢ?娑堣お鈥濆懡浠ゆ潵鍑忔贰鏇茬嚎鏁堟灉銆傞殢鐫?暟閲忕殑閫掑噺锛屾晥鏋滀篃瓒婃潵瓒婁笉鏄庢樉銆備笉杩囷紝瑕佽寰楋細涓?畾瑕佸湪鍒氬垰鐢ㄥ畬鏇茬嚎涔嬪悗锛岃繕娌℃湁鐢ㄥ埆鐨勫懡浠や箣鍓嶏紝娑堣お鎵嶅彲浠ヤ娇鐢紝鍚﹀垯灏嗕細鏄綘涓嬩竴涓懡浠ょ殑娑堣お浜嗐?

銆??2.鎾ゆ秷鍜岄噸鍋?br />
銆??濡傛灉浣犲鍒氬仛鐨勬洸绾挎晥鏋滀笉鐢氭弧鎰忥紝閭d箞鍜孭hotoshop鍏朵粬鍛戒护涓?牱锛岄兘鍙互鐢–trl+Z鏉ユ秷闄わ紱浣犲凡缁忕煡閬撲簡鏇茬嚎鍛戒护鐨勫揩鎹烽敭鏄疌trl+M锛屽彲浣犳槸鍚︾煡閬撳鏋滄寜浣廇lt+Crl+M锛屽皢浼氫互鏈?悗涓?璁剧疆鐨勬洸绾挎墦寮?璇濇锛熻繖鏍蜂綘灏卞彲浠ョ户缁皟鑺備簡銆傝繖涓嶅儚鏄柟娉?涓?牱鍦ㄥ師鏉ヨ皟鑺傜殑鍩虹涔嬩笂鍑忔贰鏁堟灉锛岃?鏄竴娆″叏鏂扮殑璋冩暣銆傚綋鐒讹紝濡傛灉浣犳効鎰忥紝涔熷彲浠ュ湪鍘熸潵鐨勫熀纭?笂鍐嶅姞璋冩暣銆傚畠涓嶅儚娑堣お鍛戒护锛屽彧鑳界揣璺熺潃涓婁竴姝ュ懡浠わ紝鍦≒hotoshop鐨勫伐浣滄椂闂村唴锛屽畠閮藉彲浠ヨ浣忔渶鍚庝竴娆℃洸绾跨殑浣嶇疆銆傚畠鏈変粈涔堢敤锛熷鏋滀綘鍙?寮犲浘鐗囬渶瑕佸仛鐩稿悓鐨勬洸绾垮鐞嗭紝閭d箞浣犲彧闇?仛涓?鏇茬嚎璋冩暣锛屽啀鎸夊揩鎹烽敭锛屽墿涓嬬殑5寮犲氨鑳藉仛鍜岀涓?紶涓?牱鐨勮皟鏁翠簡銆傛澶栵紝鑹查樁锛岄ケ鍜屽害锛岃壊褰╁钩琛″懡浠や篃鍙悓鏍峰伐浣溿?

銆??3.鎵瑰鐞?br />
銆??濡傛灉浣犺璁板綍涓?簺鍏锋湁浠h〃鎬х殑鏇茬嚎绫诲瀷锛屼互渚夸笅涓?浠ュ畠搴旂敤鍒扮被浼肩殑鍥剧墖涓幓锛岄偅涔堟柟娉?灏辩埍鑾兘鍔╀簡锛岃繖鏃舵垜浠彲浠ョ敤瀛樺偍鍛戒护锛屽皢涓?釜璋冩暣濂界殑鏇茬嚎褰㈡?瀛樺偍鍦ㄥ浐瀹氱殑鏂囦欢澶逛腑锛岀劧鍚庡啀鐢≒hotoshop鐨凙ction鍛戒护璁板綍杞藉叆鏇茬嚎鐨勮矾寰勶紝杩欐牱锛屼綘灏卞彲浠ュ揩鎹风殑浠ョ浉鍚岀殑鏇茬嚎澶勭悊澶ч噺鐨勫浘鐗囦簡銆?br />
銆??4.璋冩暣灞?br />


Figure 24

銆??杩欏彲鏄垜鐨勬渶鍚庝竴鎷涗簡銆侾hotoshop姣忎釜鏂扮増鏈兘浼氬甫鏉ヤ竴浜涙柊鍔熻兘锛岃繖浜涘姛鑳介兘浼氳浣犺秺鏉ヨ秺瀹规槗鐨勫簲鐢ㄧ▼搴忥紝鍍忔柊澧炵殑璋冩暣鍥惧眰锛屽畠鍏佽浣犲湪鍥惧儚涓婃棤闄愭敼鍔ㄨ?涓嶅繀鐮村潖鍥惧儚銆傛墦寮?浘灞傦紴鏂拌皟鏁村浘灞傦紝鍦ㄤ笅鎷夎彍鍗曚腑閫夋嫨鏇茬嚎锛堝浘24锛夛紙鎴栨槸鍒殑锛夛紝鍑虹幇鐨勫浘灞傚睘鎬у璇濇锛岀湅鍒拌嚜鍔ㄥ懡鍚嶇殑鏇茬嚎N锛岀偣鍑籓K鍚庡氨浼氬嚭鐜板拰鍓嶉潰涓?牱鐨勬洸绾垮璇濇锛屼綘鍙互鍦ㄥ叾涓皟鏁村浘鍍忥紝濡傛灉涓嶆弧鎰忥紝鍙屽嚮鍥惧眰缂╄鍥撅紝浣犲氨鍙互鍦ㄥ垰鎵嶇殑鍩虹涓婄户缁皟鏁达紝灏辫薄鎴戜滑鍒氭墠鎻愬埌鐨勬柟娉?涓?牱锛屾墍涓嶅悓鐨勬槸锛屽湪鎷煎悎鍥惧眰涔嬪墠锛屼綘闅忔椂閮藉彲浠ヨ皟鑺傛洸绾裤?瀹冧笉浼氭崯浼ゅ疄闄呭儚绱狅紝鎵?互浣犲彲浠ユ斁蹇冨ぇ鑳嗙殑浣跨敤銆傚湪鍚庨潰鐨勫浘灞傝挋鐗堝唴锛屼綘鍙互灏嗘煇浜涚壒娈婇儴鍒嗕繚鎶よ捣鏉ヤ笉鍙楁洸绾跨殑褰卞搷銆備笉瑕佸繕浜嗚繖涓妧宸э紒瀵瑰浘鍍忔敼鍔ㄥ緱瓒婂锛屼綘灏辫秺闇?灏介噺淇濇寔鍥惧儚鐨勫師鏍凤紝灏ゅ叾鏄涓?簺绂诲鐨勫浘鐗囥?鍐嶅憡璇変綘涓?偣涓汉缁忛獙锛氫綘鍙渶璇稿鍥惧眰涓婃柦灞曚竴娆¤繖鏍风殑灏忓皬璇¤锛岄偅涔堟棤鏁扮殑鏉傚織灏侀潰閮藉皢涓轰箣鑰岀柉鐙傦紒

銆??鐗规晥



Figure 25

銆??浣犲凡缁忔帉鎻′簡寮哄ぇ鐨勬洸绾垮姛鑳斤紝鐭ラ亾瀹冭兘涓轰綘鍋氫簺浠?箞锛屼絾璇翠簡杩欎箞澶氾紝杩樻槸鏈変汉浼氳寰椾笉鎷挎洸绾垮仛鐐圭壒娈婃晥鏋滃氨涓嶈繃鐦撅紝濂藉惂锛岃繖閲屾垜缁欏嚭涓?釜鏈?畝鍗曪紝涔熸渶甯哥敤鐨勭壒鏁堬紝瀹冮?甯歌鐢ㄦ潵琛ㄧ幇閲戝睘锛岀幓鐠冪瓑鍙嶅厜寮虹儓鐨勬潗璐ㄣ?瀹冮潪甯哥畝鍗曪紝鍥犳鎴戜篃涓嶅啀搴熻瘽锛屽ぇ浣撲笂灏辨槸妯$硦锛屽啀鐢ㄦ洸绾胯皟鑺傦紝鏈?悗鐢ㄨ壊鐩革紡楗卞拰搴﹀懡浠や笂鑹诧紝鍏蜂綋瑙佸浘锛?5锛?9锛夈?



Figure 26



Figure 27



Figure 28



Figure 29

銆??鍏充簬鏇茬嚎鎴戜滑浜嗚В杩欎箞澶氫篃鍩烘湰鑳藉簲浠樹簡锛屾洿澶氱殑缁忛獙瑕佸湪瀹炶返涓嚜宸辨懜绱紝濂戒簡锛屽笇鏈涜繖绡囧皬鏂囪兘瀵逛綘鏈夋墍甯姪锛?br />





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Tuesday, September 14, 2010

C # and object-oriented programming language [1]


C # is purely object-oriented programming language, it really embodies the "everything is an object" spirit. In C #, even the most basic data types such as int, double, bool type, belonged to System.Object type. In addition, the use of C # programming, and separated from the object does not exist outside of what kind of process. Therefore, learning C #, it must have the object-oriented thinking, do not understand the so-called "object-oriented thinking", it is impossible to grasp the essence of C #, C # and for the understanding of language features can only be limited to the surface of the.

Many books explain object-oriented ideas and articles like the object-oriented and process-oriented comparison, but for beginners to learn programming is not necessary. A blank sheet of paper, in fact, the words written on paper than the more favorable future.

So what is "object oriented"? The essence of course, "everything is an object" significance. Software development and design centers around the development goals of the. Such as the development of a e-commerce site, then e-commerce-related operation and we are concerned, products, orders, users, directories, shopping cart, etc., are all objects. If you want to develop a forum, then the forum necessary elements, such as the forum categories, topics, posts, comments, users, all in the object. Small office, we asked to write an algorithm to calculate factorial, then the initial value, operation results and the algorithm is an object.

What if the object has the characteristics? Generally speaking, an object should have properties and behavior. To the real world, for example, "person" as a special animal, but also we call "object." This object has many properties, such as name, height, weight, ethnicity, nationality, date of birth and so on. The act does, it can be walking, eating, running, and even play games, play football. If you learn from the semantic point of view, the property is more biased in favor of the scope of the term, while the behavior is close to the verb. However, there are special circumstances an object, or just have the property, or only with behavior. Such as ID card, may only have a name, date of birth, place of origin, ID number and other properties, not behavior. Such as "fly", which itself is a movement, but can also be considered an act.

However, this division is not absolute, according to the actual situation, the same object with the properties and behavior may be different. For example, the same "people", if it is to develop a household registration system, we do not have to consider walking, eating, running etc., but if it is a football game, then the object "person", we need all kinds of soccer moves As the behavior of the object. Another example "ID" object, may also be to easy to use, it will add "IsValidate" such an act.

Also note that the fact itself is often an object attribute, such as name, can be string type, it is Sytem.Object object type, we can separate the name of a class object:
public class Name
(
public string FirstName;
public string MiddleName;
public string LastName;
)

In C #, there are a variety of object types, in addition to the basic type itself, but also support custom types, including class, struct, enum, interface, delegate, event. Using the previous example, many objects Person "who" can be defined as the class type, nationality can be defined as the enum type. ID cards do not act, can also be defined as a struct type. Action "fly" can be defined as interface type. As for the delegate and event, is a special object type, such as the Forum management system we can define a series of events, such as BeforePost, AfterPost so. On these elements, I will explain in detail the contents of the back.

To grasp the object-oriented thinking, we must have the capacity of the object recognition system. We want to develop the system, which need to define a separate object, and this object should have properties and behaviors which are more headaches for beginners. To correctly identify the object, you need to first analyze the system functionality to be achieved. For example, we sought to develop a e-commerce system, functional requirements are as follows:
1, support the product search function;
2, the user need to purchase goods, need to be a registered user and log;
3, if the current inventory without the goods, the user can book;
4, users can add to shopping cart of goods;
5, prior to the purchase of goods required to submit orders;
6, the user submits the order, the system should send a message to the user subscription information;
7, the user can add a comment on the product.

There is a simple way to help us identify the object, is to find these features describe the key terms, such as commodities, the user, shopping cart, order, comments. These words are basically to cover the main target of the e-commerce system. As for the object's properties, you can visit the system requirements on the object and the information they need. Such as commodity, necessarily require brand name, price, related images, their class, inventory and so on. As for the behavior, we can look for from the functional description in terms of these objects associated with the verb. For example, a query of goods, goods on behalf of a Search behavior. User registration and login, on behalf of the user behavior with these two: Register, SignIn. Of course, acts of nature also implies SignOut.






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